Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia received positive news on Wednesday about their quests to join the European Union, but countries in the volatile Balkans region that have waited years longer to become members of the world’s biggest trading bloc appeared to slip back in the queue.
In a series of reports on countries wanting to join the bloc’s ranks, the EU’s executive branch recommended that war-ravaged Ukraine should be permitted to open membership talks, once it’s addressed some shortfalls.
The European Commission lauded Ukraine, where Russian troops launched a full-scale invasion on Feb. 24, 2022, saying that the government “has shown a remarkable level of institutional strength, determination and ability to function.” But it said that talks should only start once it has addressed corruption, lobbying concerns, and restrictions that might prevent national minorities from studying and reading in their own language.
Ukraine’s neighbor Moldova, which has also been rocked by Russia’s invasion, was delivered a similar message.
“Moldova is the subject of constant destabilization efforts against its democracy,” European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said. “But like Ukraine, Moldova has undertaken significant reform efforts,” she said, signalling that talks should move forward once justice and anti-corruption conditions are met.
Georgia was told that it should officially be named as a candidate to join once it addresses shortcomings, including in the fight against corruption and election deficiencies. This doesn’t mean that it will start accession talks soon. The country will have to clear more reform hurdles before that can happen.
The commission’s proposals, outlined in annual progress reports, mostly provide technical guidance to the 27 EU member states on how much progress countries have made in aligning their laws and standards with those of the bloc.
EU leaders are expected to decide whether to endorse those recommendations at a summit in Brussels on Dec. 14-15. There is no guarantee that they will agree unanimously to do so. Hungary and Slovakia are notably cool about Ukraine’s aspirations, for example.
Still, Russia’s war in Ukraine has spurred the EU to open up its doors to new members, perhaps as soon as 2030, and countries mired in or emerging from conflict are keen to join.
For 20 years, the prospect of EU membership has been a powerful driver of pro-democratic reform in aspiring countries. But those in the Balkans – Albania, Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo – have become discouraged by the bloc’s failure to live up to its lofty membership promises.
On the other hand, some aspirants appear to be treading water.
Bosnia remains plagued by ethnic divisions that make reform an almost impossible challenge. The commission said that it should only start membership talks after more progress is made. It expressed concern about the justice system and other rights failures in the Bosnian Serb part of the country.
Serbia and Kosovo refuse to normalize their relations, and stand last in the EU’s line. After one of the worst cross-border attacks in northern Kosovo in recent years, their leaders can’t tolerate being in the same room.
In the days before the recommendations were announced, von der Leyen toured the Balkans to promote an economic growth plan containing 6 billion euros ($6.4-billion) worth of free European loans and other support in exchange for more reforms.
Last month, a senior EU official said that some Balkans countries “continue to see themselves as the center of our attention, and refuse to accept or admit that actually it’s Ukraine.” The senior official requested anonymity to speak frankly about the politically sensitive issue.
He said the consensus among many EU officials working with Ukraine is that Kyiv “is demonstrating everything that we are missing in the Balkans: energy, commitment, enthusiasm.” He said the commission’s enlargement reports would be “the objective indicator of the situation.”
Meanwhile, Turkey’s hopes of joining are stalled. The country started its EU membership talks in 2005, but they have ground to a halt in recent years. Ankara’s progress report made for grim reading, despite the bloc’s reliance on Turkey to prevent migrants from coming to Europe.
The commission noted “serious deficiencies in the functioning of Turkey’s democratic institutions.” It said that “democratic backsliding continued.” Human rights standards declined and no progress could be found in the fight against corruption.
